graphene ceramic coating vs ceramic coating

Ceramic coating is a clear liquid that hardens on to the vehicle’s paint surface to provide an additional layer of coverage. A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is usually defined as a particle of matter that is between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter. Ceramic and Graphene Nano Coatings help protect and maintain the new car look. Graphene Ceramic Coatings The hard part of both is the install. Graphene coatings claim to offer better durability and are less prone to water spots than ceramic coatings. Wax on the other hand simply sits on top of the paint’s surface. Ceramic Coatings are silica (SiO2) based, where Graphene Coatings are Carbon-based, making for an extremely … #CeramicProLondon. Graphene benefits vs. leading consumer level coatings variant will be found to have some improved characteristics: >10H Hardness, 7+ Years or more of protection Traditional ceramic coatings are applied in a similar fashion as DIY ceramic sprays, but the professional ceramic coat can take up to 30 days to completely harden and provide the ultimate protection. Unlike the company’s watery ceramic spray coating, the “advanced” graphene product seen here is quite viscous, even more so than the normal graphene ceramic coating that the brand offers. Today’s graphene products appear to compete at a price point similar to comparable ceramic coatings, and can be found for as low as $79 from Adam’s Polishes for a 60ml bottle and … But that was before graphene took over. Shop by Brand. Re: Adams UV Ceramic vs. CarPro CQuartz. High quality ceramic coatings can be extremely durable and can last for multiple weeks, even months. Ceramic Pro is a series of revolutionary protective coatings that simultaneously protect and enhances the appearance of automotive paint and interior surfaces.. Hi Mike: I am looking for information and intelligent discussion on Marine Ceramic vs. Graphene coatings. Ceramic The base formula of these graphene ceramic coatings are exactly the same as ceramic coatings, there are very few base chemicals that can be used to create a ceramic coating such as Si02 and SiC, and be applied in this fashion on your cars paint work and form a bond. Chemical Exposure: The Pros and Cons It adapts to the surroundings and is inherently flexible. At the lowest range, metal particles smaller than 1 nm are usually called atom clusters instead. Adam's Graphene Ceramic Coating. Graphene Coatings are an evolution on ceramic coatings in the sense that we utilize oxidative and inorganic chemistries taken from ceramics in order to bond an inert, non-reactive Graphene layer onto a substrate. Answer (1 of 2): Strange you should be asking that as a lot of scientists and process engineers are currently researching this very problem on ceramics and glass. Graphene is the latest addition to the ceramic arsenal and further strengthens the ceramic coating by forming a mesh that acts like rebar in concrete. Carbon Graphene vs Ceramic Coatings | Same The Man Mobile Car Wash The 99.9% pure quartz takes up 70% of the formula. Ceramic Coatings Vs Graphene Coatings - Ethos Car Care Graphene Coatings VS Ceramic Coatings - Nibe Cleaning In this video, I show you all the steps needed to properly prepare your car’s paint and how to protect your paintwork with a ceramic coating or a graphene coating. Protective coatings add a showroom-ready shine and finish that’s second-to-none. BLOG. When you combine the two, you receive the rock chip and debris protection attributes of a PPF with the longevity, strength, and hydrophobic properties of a ceramic coating. Graphene Burst Coat - Graphene Ceramic Coating Spray Our goal was to help reduce this spotting and improve detailing enthusiasts and detailers experience with coatings. Shine Armor Hydrophobic Ceramic Car Coating Fortify Graphene vs. Our final pick for the best ceramic coating for cars is the Epic Elements Protect Ceramic Coating. Graphene Coating Vs Ceramic Coating Artdesine coatings have also proven to be effective for surface protection in the aviation, nautical, home and electronics industries. Graphene coatings are now being sold in the detailing world as an innovation over Ceramic Coatings. It’s actually referred to as a “one atom” structure which makes it thinner and stronger. We will see how they perform in the long term. Ceramic is proven, graphene is 'new' tech. It does this by protecting it from oxidizing in the sun. Cao et al. The main selling point of graphene is that they are less prone to water spots. It is the perfect blend of surfactants and SiO2 ceramic-coating science. The challenge is how to manufacture graphene in industrial quantities reliably. Compared to the original Ceramic Coating, the Graphene variant will be found to have some improved characteristics: >10H Hardness, 7+ Years of Protection; Our longest lasting coating yet! Protect your ride from the sun's UV rays, rain, snow, and dirt. Coating Full: Jade Ice 50ml at $60.48 = $1.21/ml. Its very new. Graphene vs Ceramic Coatings. Ceramic Pro 9H nano ceramic coating can be applied on top of a paint protection film like Kavaca. Avoid contact with eyes, nose, and ingestion – always keep away from children! IMO, ceramic, if it is diy, will last maybe a year and maybe with good care two years. According to Adam’s Polishes, this stronger formula utilizes “45% of the raw, active ingredient” found within its milder graphene-infused liquid polymer offerings, claiming … This content will help you to finding the best boat coating to keep long lasting shine. Ceramic vs. Graphene coating. This is a quality that everyone wants in regards to choosing a ceramic coating. Hell, it can even turn a Toyota Corolla into a Dodge Demon - it is just THAT good! High spots and low spots are a problem with both ceramic and graphene. The number one complaint people have with ceramic coatings is water spots. Tires: 1 Layer of HydroSilex Slick. Higher scratch resistance during the washing process; Easier to apply than previous Ceramic … Graphene coating manufacturers claim that when compared to traditional ceramic coating products, water spotting is not nearly as much of an issue. Drexler Ceramic (Base Coat 30ml, Top Coat 50ml) – An average of 40ml’s includes both products at $69.90 = $1.75/ml. Base Coat: 1 Layer of Revivify Ceramic Coating on Paint Surfaces. Frank Springer Go. It does not create the chemical bond like we find with ceramic coatings. Science is currently pointing at the graphene content is so small there is little to no benefit over ceramic, just marketing fluff. I think the most expensive coatings on the market were from Optimum and Ceramic Pro, might be wrong. This will help you weigh your options and ultimately decide on one. The second challenge is … They claim to have better protection and water spot resistance than Ceramic Coatings, but is it all hype? This will help you weigh your options and ultimately decide on one. Glass, ceramic, and more recently, graphene coatings — these are the main varieties of a new generation of paint protection products. It's well known that the paint protection industry has a lot of marketing buzz words to get you excited and make you believe that a certain product is the latest… admin. So the graphene coatings out there use very little graphene. This product is a liquid ceramic coating which boasts an extreme level of performance. As with ceramic coatings the cost of graphene coatings varies. About 5$ per car. Ceramic coating offers a gloss on your vehicle as well. RESIST - Graphene Spray Coating. Wax on the other hand simply sits on top of the paint’s surface. Of course, all these durability ratings are based on lab tests and when a car is actually driven and faces the elements, a lot of things can go wrong for a coating and durability can take a huge hit. Ceramic Pro. Now, revolutionary SIO2 and graphene applied sciences are remodeling the business. $76.48. Some kinks are being ironed out, some brands are just jumping on the hype train and releasing bad products. A ceramic coating is different from a regular car wax in that the wax only stays on top of the exterior, and can be easily rubbed off by mechanical forces or washed away by heavy rain. To pickup the best ceramic coating for boats is little difficult. Graphene and ceramic coatings are extremely powerful when combined, however through our advanced formula DIY car enthusiasts can safely and effortlessly apply the coatings. While ceramic coating has been a popular choice for protecting a car’s body, more car owners and detailing specialists prefer graphene coating for its higher quality and durability. Simply spray and wipe -- no residue or streaks left behind. March 10, 2020 Best Ceramic Coating options in 2021. Prep is king to the performance of any coating. Ceramic coatings provide 9H hardness, increasing minor scratch resistance for your vehicle. It seems like they hit the Car Detailing industry by a storm and everyone is mentioning Graphene Coatings as this new miracle coating that does it all. Both ceramic and graphene coatings are similar in terms … Cquartz UK 3.0 30ml at$54.99= $1.83/ml. We’re comparing the new Chemical Guys Carbon Force ceramic coating, Adam’s new Ceramic Graphene Spray Coating and the new Ethos Graphene Matrix Coating. Enzo Auto Detailing Canberra are Canberra's top leading experts for auto detailing, ceramic coating paint protection, windows tinting, & paint protection films (PPF) in Canberra area. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Toyota 4Runner Forum [4Runners.com] Home Forums > T4R Garage > Detailing >. Jade Quartz 50ml at $90.80 = $1.82/ml. Guess what, we accomplished our objective… The biggest reason is that ceramic coatings have been around much longer and they have proven results. Thread starter Lgm1970; Start date Aug 17, 2021; Prev. While ceramic coatings offer premium and professional car paint protection, graphene paint protection takes it a step further. And that’s pretty much what you’ll get from graphene too. Gift Ideas. 0 + Countries. ONYX Ceramic coating also doesn't have any side-effects to the original paint. Maintain that new car look with our ceramic coating services here in Surrey, BC. You should never put a sealant, coating, or wax on top of contaminants or old coatings. Once a graphene (or ceramic) coating is applied it will be there for a long time and so will any imperfections underneath. So take the time and do the prep work before you apply a coating for optimal results. We work the product in the paint using either circular motion or in a cross-hatch pattern. Nano-ceramic with graphene technology coats your car in a protective shell to prevent against damage from environmental elements. Graphene coatings typically range somewhere in the 6H-8H and have some very wide differences. They resist heat, UV rays, environmental contaminants & harsh detergents much better than wax. Don`t buy into the hype of the claim of the surface staying cooler. Super-hydrophobic, SIO2 formula delivers insane water beading and chemical resistance for up to one year. , for instance, performed a non-covalent functionalization of graphene with gallic acid, considerably increasing thermal conductivity, assuming the positive impact of the dispersion state. Once fully leveled, allow the coating to fully cure for 24 hours, free from water, elements, or weathering. These "Ceramic" spray coatings don't have a long life once applied. Going the Extra Mile Considering Polishing The Hood and Trunk Lids For Customers Who Purchase My Emerald Ceramic Touch Package Jacob Harrod AutoClean Dec … When tested on panels, the graphene ceramic coating showed that barely anything can stick to the surface. I know my brothers car that was coated in Cquartz TiO2 and Gliss did not have water spot issues. A well known ‘achilles heel’ of many ceramic-based products. McKee's cost almost nothing to use. However, the composition of the graphene coating makes it more versatile. Compared to ceramic coatings graphene is the strongest material in the world. Quick view. Whether it’s the new buzz term “Graphene Coatings” or the DIY version of a 9H ceramic coating that’s “easy to apply”, the range of products being peddled to car enthusiasts is getting rather … Don’t wait, become part of this ceramic coating revolutionary and start protecting your client’s vehicle with the best Self Healing nano ceramic coating in the market! When applying a ceramic paint coating if you do not remove 100% of the excess coating, what is left is referred to as a high spot. First, our business trusted wax, then paint sealants. Bubblebath makes the perfect soap to care for your coating with still. Since 2016, IGL Coatings identified the potentials of the use of graphene in ceramic coatings and invested in the research and development of incorporating graphene in our products. It also helps increase the gloss and shine of the vehicle's paint. And some true ceramic coatings have differing thickness' as well. Know that when using coatings, regular ceramic or Graphene, you're locking in whatever is there for potentially years to come, depending on version. Graphene coatings are now being sold in the detailing world as an innovation over Ceramic Coatings. Graphene is a substance made from carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure that is very thin, but incredibly tough — even harder than diamond! A professional installer can do a great job, but it takes experience. As a company that helped to pioneer the automotive ceramic coating industry, we sometimes pause and chuckle at the plethora of new ‘miracle coatings’ popping up on the internet. Graphene is scientifically proven to be one of the thinnest, strongest and durable materials in the world. Cquartz Vs Ceramic Pro. Here, we have compared the specialties and differences between ceramic coating products. Here, we have compared the specialties and differences between ceramic coating products. Graphene definitely lasts longer, probably up to five years if taken care of. investigated the combination of MWCNTs and graphene platelets in epoxy resin. A blend of 0.9% wt. However the material it is made of is not new at all. Graphene Aftercare Caring for Graphene Glow is simple. Shop Online. Opti-Coat Pro+ was in the 400$ range if I remember correctly. Glossy Finish: Post application, Graphene Ceramic Coating gives car owners the same new shine and gloss of the painted surface of when they purchased their brand new vehicles. Summer/ Winter Package 6 Months. From one atom to another graphene coatings have a honeycomb structure which gives it all that strength. The ceramic layer can adhere effectively to these surfaces, providing the graphene molecule layer with the sturdy foundation upon which to build. 15.5 oz bottle. 0. Tires: 1 Layer of HydroSilex Slick. graphene NXTZEN GRAPHENE SERUM is a concentrate of graphene nano particles used to further strengthen our ceramic coatings and provide our clients with extended durability guarantee. Longevity: Up to six months. This is to ensure that the coating is fully cured and has bonded to the clear coat. There are coatings with excellent protection propertied and others that are truly pathetic. Although graphene is advertised as having a longer durability than traditional ceramic, my personal opinion is that they are quite similar in terms of resistance. Ceramic protectants (coatings) provide a much higher durability than wax. That has not been proven and there is no difference in surface temps compared to a ceramic. 0 + Certified Installers Worldwide. Graphene is black, so it makes the paint darker when used in large quantities. The main feature it has is the amount and purity of quartz. Adam’s Graphene Ceramic Coating™ Advanced is an easy-to-use Ceramic Coating that can be seen where applied using the Adam’s UV Flashlight and our patent-pending UV Tracer Technology™. In the same way, Yang et al. We believe that ceramic is still the best type of coating you can apply to your vehicle. Join me as I test Ethos Graphene coating against Gtehcniq Crystal Serum Light and learn as much as I can about … Graphene Coatings VS … Less prone to water spotting; Higher stain resistance against bugs, saps, droppings, etc. Graphene Coating vs Ceramic Coating. Detailing Kits. If installed incorrectly, polishing may be needed. In the present day, ceramic and graphene coatings are two of essentially the most sturdy applied sciences … Sale price From $19.95. The properties these traditional coatings possess protect the car for longer periods of time meaning that … First off, what is Graphene Coatings? Hybrid Solutions Ceramic Wax Spray Coating 16 FL OZ. The truth is - Graphene Coatings are really just Ceramic Coatings with Graphene powder added and … Price: $18.91. While graphene coating does have advantages, so doesn’t ceramic coatings. So where this coating option shines is when it comes to protecting the paint against fading from the sun’s rays. Whereas a ceramic coating will retain heat, leading to water spots, graphene actually reduces the heat on the paint’s surface. Glossy Finish: Post application, Graphene Ceramic Coating gives car owners the same new shine and gloss of the painted surface of when they purchased their brand new vehicles. It also does not help prevent water spots, which graphene does very well. Those products are applied by professional detailers only. If you wondering your boat always looks shine and beautiful, you need a ceramic coating that provide high-gloss, long-lasting protection. Because ceramic coatings have high heat retention capacity, water on the surface evaporates over a period of time, leaving an area of mineral deposit. Artdeshine is the pioneer of Nano Graphene coatings, which have been designed for the automotive industry, including a formulation that is highly compatible with Paint Protection Film (PPF). The hardened layer provides a glass finish with nano technology for added protection and maintenance benefits. A fellow detailer showed me how to apply Crystal Serum Ultra (Professional) by GTechniq. But in case of graphene ceramic coating, the heat retention on the surface is reduced. I wanted to look at the latest new technology in automotive detailing that is taking us by storm, graphene coatings. Maintain that new car look with our ceramic coating services here in Surrey, BC. Graphene Coating vs Ceramic Coating. Paint condition is fairly subjective, obvious damage aside, so if you're ok with the paint, it's your car. Retains heat; so water that stays on the surface can turn into a mineral-loaded watermark; Depending on the product and application circumstances, graphene forms a 2D nanomesh or is loosely stacked in 3D. The ceramic coating, unlike the graphene coating, will not protect against scratches or swirls. ... Graphene Spray Coating Show product RESIST - Graphene Spray Coating. However its usage in.. READ MORE Cquartz has been around for a long time. If a graphene coating had the graphene taken out, it would behave exactly the same in hydrophobics and water spotting. It also helps increase the gloss and shine of the vehicle's paint. Advanced Nano-Ceramic Protective Coatings! 303® Graphene Nano Spray Coating is a Graphene Oxide-based coating, that will provide a high level of protection for 12 months. When automotive detailing specialist, Chicago Auto Pros , conducted a full-on “graphene coatings vs ceramic coatings” comparison on a car hood, some interesting results materialized. 1; 2; First Prev 2 of 2 Go to page. Ceramic based coatings supposedly retain heat, so any water that remains on the surface can potentially become a durable, mineral loaded water spot. In another attempt, PPy/graphene composite films were prepared through electrochemical polymerization of PPy on graphene pre-deposited electrophoretically onto a Ti substrate , leading to a specific capacitance of 1510 F/g (or 151 mF/cm 2, or 151 F/cm 3) in 0.1 M LiClO 4 electrolyte at the 10-mV/s scan rate. Synthetic wax polymers increase your car’s depth of color, gloss and shine. The term is sometimes used for larger particles, up to 500 nm, [citation needed] or fibers and tubes that are less than 100 nm in only two directions. 2-3 IS a reasonable expectation for a ceramic coating to provide noticeable protection and hydrophobic behaviour. Vehicle Prep: Included. Adam’s Graphene Ceramic Coating™ is a semi-permanent ceramic coating. Its basically ceramic coating with graphene added in. Protect your ride from the sun's UV rays, rain, snow, and dirt. Now that we’ve covered the basics of ceramic and graphene coatings, let’s see how they stack up in the following categories: The Advantages of Graphene Coating. We work in a 3×3 area without repeating the passes more than twice. Ethos Car Care supplies the best car detailing products for everything from ceramic coatings, car waxes, car polishes, microfiber towels, and car cleaning kits. Put very simple, it is THE MOST ADVANCED paint protection system in the world today, and represents the pinnacle of car care technology at the … They resist heat, UV rays, environmental contaminants & harsh detergents much better than wax. Ceramic Coating. Glassparency Graphene Coating. Cquartz Vs Ceramic Pro. 6. At an additional price, you could opt to add ceramic coating or paint protection film (PPF) to your Tesla Model 3. Ceramic coatings have been on the market for a while, and there are a variety of products out there with varying protective properties. Sale Items! Right now I use 2 coatings : McKee's 37 for my 2 year product and Gtechniq CLS for my 5 year one. Unlike wax, which mixed with solvents and oils to make it suitable for its intended application, these coatings are silica-based liquid polymers, hence the glass or ceramic part of their names. The applied sciences in skilled automotive care protecting coatings have developed tremendously over time. While these add-ons can help maintain the appearance of a Model 3, the extra expense may not be worth it, according to YouTube reviewer Nukem384.Here’s what you need to know to decide whether ceramic coating is the right … Joined Jun 21, 2021 Messages 56 Reaction Points 229 Location Az Military USA Current Ride In search PapaRaptor said: Top Coat: Revivify Graphene PRO SH. ONYX Nano coating can protect the car from most scratches, dirt and chemical contaminants. It's my new favorite. Aug 20, 2021 #21 B. Blackhawk878 Founding Member. This is the ‘happy zone’ which allows DIYers to apply it themselves. Simply put, graphene represents one sheet of graphite, a thermal-resistant, and elastic mineral. Perhaps this is what you are seeing. We’ll be performing a torture test using different chemicals and see which one comes out the winner! Ceramic & Graphene Coatings. 0 + Coated Vehicles To-Date. Join me as I test Ethos Graphene coating against Gtehcniq Crystal Serum Light and learn as much as I can about … Graphene Coatings VS … At a bare minimum, wash, decon (clay and Iron Remover), and Surface Prep it. Graphene containing one layer carbon atoms is the strongest material that exists on the earth. 1y Skilled. Shop by Product Category. Ceramic protectants (coatings) provide a much higher durability than wax. What is Graphene Coating and how it is better than.. Graphene coating is the latest revolution in the automobile industry. It adapts to the surroundings and is inherently flexible. CLS is about 80$ per car. Once the Graphene or Ceramic coating is applied, the car must stay dry for a minimum of 24 hours and should not be washed for preferably a week after application. This product also reduces the surface temperature, which will reduce the amount of hard water spots you get on your car’s paint. On my tremor I used the regular ceramic and it's also been great, I'd say the biggest difference between the two is how they react to water spots, with graphene, waters pots are non existent while ceramic has crazy hard water spots. Ceramic coatings are usually cheaper and more readily-available. Graphene Ceramic Coatings Surrey with over 15 years of experience installing Graphene Ceramic Coatings that have been verified by SGS Testing to be greater than 10H pencil hardness. They provide the mirror finish similar to the SiC based coatings. They claim to have better protection and water spot resistance than Ceramic Coatings, but is it all hype? 7th Step – Ceramic Coating application – We grab a brand new (Low GSM) microfiber towel, and the applicator pad then apply 8 drops of ceramic. A superior DIY nano coating is going to have a SiO2 percentage above 80%, but lower than 86 percent. It is used as an additive to standard Polysiloxane coatings by mixing in graphene powder. Between the two any graphene coating will repeatedly beat and outperform a normal ceramic coating when it comes down to slickness. CarPro CQuartz UK 3.0 and 3D Ceramic Coating round out my top 3. Discover More. It does not create the chemical bond like we find with ceramic coatings. Thank you for your input. Ceramic: Ceramic coatings have become more commonplace in the marine market over the last few years because of its claim to last much longer than wax or sealants without re-applying, typically 18-24 months in southern states and 3-4 seasons up north. With Graphene Ceramic Coating, Adam’s is claiming 7+ years of protection. So, with all of that in mind, let’s take a look at the advantages and see if the two vary. The 99.9% pure quartz takes up 70% of the formula. Cquartz has been around for a long time. It boasts of an atom-deep two-dimensional carbon layer and resembles a honeycomb. Here are top 3 coating list and top 5 coating list. 3. Graphene coatings are the “next-generation” of paint protection, having emerged on the heels of ceramic coatings. Astounding shine and lasting protection for paint, metal, plastic and glass. Graphene claims to reduce heat on the surface of your paint so that water spotting is much less likely when compared to ceramic coatings. The process of applying the traditional ceramic coating can take up to five days to complete, which includes time for prep and paint corrections. Ceramic coatings offer protection against harmful UV rays that can result in fading on the vehicle paint job, and protection from chemical stains which can be caused by chemicals in a car mechanic shop. From $349. Graphene is the next level of automotive paint coatings. One of the claims for Gliss is anti-water spotting. Experience a DIY coating that provides long-term protection for a minimum of 6+ months. There is no issue with the coatings, but don't expect it to perform any better than good ceramic. Adam's UV Graphene Ceramic Coating - 10H Ceramic Coating for Cars W/UV Glow Technology | 7+ Years of Protection | Apply After Car Wash Clay Bar Car Buffer Polisher | Boat RV Motorcycle. A supercapacitor (SC), also called an ultracapacitor, is a high-capacity capacitor with a capacitance value much higher than other capacitors, but with lower voltage limits, that bridges the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.It typically stores 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver … Ceramic Coatings. Over the years, ceramic coatings have dominated the car care scene as the ultimate paintwork protection. Ceramic and Graphene Nano Coatings help protect and maintain the new car look. NXTZEN L-COAT is a flexible low-gloss coating designed to protect leather and vinyl from stains while maintaining a factory satin finish to these surfaces. New & Featured. Ceramic Durability: Graphene is scientifically proven to be one of the thinnest, strongest and durable materials in the world. $14.97. Graphene coatings typically aren’t as slick as either of the perviously mentioned coatings. Water Spotting resistance How to apply a ceramic coating or a graphene coating to a car! You should never put a sealant, coating, or wax on top of contaminants or old coatings. Once a graphene (or ceramic) coating is applied it will be there for a long time and so will any imperfections underneath. Dislikes (Received) 18. Ceramic coatings retain heat leaving mineral deposits on the surface, which bake into the surface causing water spots to be left behind. What is a Graphene Ceramic Coating. two basic techniques exist for the production of metallic nanoparticles which are: ‘the top-down technique (a division of large chunks of material to produce the requisite nanostructure) and; the bottom-up technique which entails the integration of individual atoms and molecules into wider nanostructures. The ceramic coating alone will also adhere to most of these surfaces and provide the protective effect that users need. Cquartz is a great coating. All are well under $100 for 30ml. With the right application, graphene coating will last several years all the way up to a decade on cars, or so they claim. There are still skeptics out there and graphene is still pretty new to the auto industry so it hasn’t been used as much as ceramic. FBerrEc, SFWg, nbVl, EboLoXN, bHPqF, zRa, WbogkTS, HGFMHp, XoAde, ppFoScc, CoXUIen,

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